{"id":1419899,"date":"2021-01-21T18:09:42","date_gmt":"2021-01-21T18:09:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.jacksonsart.com\/blog\/?p=1419899"},"modified":"2026-10-14T15:51:58","modified_gmt":"2026-10-14T14:51:58","slug":"resources-and-energy-in-fine-art-paper","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.jacksonsart.com\/blog\/2021\/01\/21\/resources-and-energy-in-fine-art-paper\/","title":{"rendered":"Materials, Water, and Energy: What Resources Are Used to Make Fine Art Paper?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Making fine art paper specifically for drawing and painting requires quality materials to ensure that they are strong, archival, and beautiful. Fine art papers are made from a variety of fibres, including cotton, wood cellulose, and recycled materials, and their production uses resources like water and energy. In this article, we explore the materials and sources of energy involved in making fine art papers. <\/p>\n

\n
\"Eco-friendly
Cotton linters used to make cotton paper<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Cotton Paper<\/h2>\n

Cotton plants require vast amounts of water, and in some places around the world, have been known to drain rivers for farming. That said, the fibres used in cotton paper production are a generally a by-product of the textile industry and would most likely otherwise go to landfill.<\/p>\n

The cotton linters<\/strong><\/a> used in cylinder mould-made paper are taken from cotton seeds following ginning<\/strong><\/a>; the process undertaken to extract longer cotton fibres, used for making textiles. What remains on the seed after this process is too short to be used for this purpose which is why they are classed as a pre-consumer waste.<\/p>\n

\"Eco-friendly
Jackson’s Economy Indian Handmade Paper<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Handmade cotton rag papers<\/strong><\/a> are made from post consumer fibres, such as old t-shirts. The pulp of Jackson\u2019s Economy Indian Handmade Paper<\/a> is dried slowly in the sun, and the water used to turn the rags into pulp is run off to irrigate the fields neighbouring the papermaking factory. <\/p>\n

Wood Paper<\/h2>\n

Wood cellulose is another commonly used fibre in fine art paper. The source of the wood pulp varies between manufacturers and papers. Where available, certifications such as FSC or PEFC can provide information about the forestry standards associated with the wood used to make the paper. Fine art paper mills mainly use virgin pulp imported from West Europe because the quality of the fibres means that the resulting paper can withstand heavy treatment, such as being scrubbed or laden with watercolour washes. Trees for papermaking are grown specifically for purpose, in a way that ensures consistent supply. Countries such as Finland, Sweden, Canada and the US are all growing trees faster than they are felling them. <\/p>\n

\"Eco-friendly
Bockingford watercolour paper, an example of a wood cellulose paper.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Recycled Paper<\/h2>\n

Recycled fibres can be used in paper production, although they have different properties from virgin fibres<\/strong><\/a>. It is not possible to only use recycled pulp for fine art use, because the re-pulping process necessary when recycling can shorten the fibres, reducing the strength of the end product. Additionally, when making recycled paper, there is very little certainty of the various chemicals that might be present in the pulp. Paper that has had a previous life serving non-fine art purposes is likely to contain lignins<\/strong><\/a> or bleaches which will prevent the resulting paper from being archival<\/strong><\/a>. When recycled fibres have been used to make drawing paper, some virgin pulp has to be added to compensate for the fibres that are no longer usable as well as to minimise the percentage of impurities. Additionally, recycled paper requires additional processes such as de-inking, degreasing and the removal of additives. Each of these comes with its own set of challenges, whether it\u2019s the toxic sludge accumulated from de-inking or the undermining of the strength of the end product as a result of grease in the pulp<\/strong><\/a>. Ultimately, these problems can only be solved with solutions that require more energy and more chemicals. <\/p>\n

Water<\/h2>\n

Water is a vital component in nearly all stages of papermaking, including pulping<\/strong><\/a>, sizing<\/strong><\/a>, cleaning and sheet formation. If water is to be returned to source it needs to be carefully filtered to remove any additives such as lignins<\/strong><\/a> and pigments, that may be harmful to local plant and river life. Wastewater treatment is categorised into primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments. Primary treatment uses sedimentation to remove suspended solids from wastewater, forming sludge. Secondary treat-ment removes organic matter using biological processes. Tertiary treatment provides final polishing to remove any other contaminants required before discharge into the receiving environment. Those three standard steps are altered or augmented depending on the nature of the facility and its processes.<\/p>\n

\"Hollander
The Hollander beater, which breaks down cotton and linen rag, separating the long fibres, with water.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

In the UK, paper mills such as Two Rivers (Exmoor Water) and St Cuthberts (River Axe) are situated by a source of fresh flowing, naturally filtered water. Both mills state that the materials they use are chosen to ensure that the mill avoids harm to the surrounding environment. <\/p>\n

Energy<\/h2>\n

The principal source of energy for paper mills is natural gas and electricity, although coal, oil, biomass, and solar energy are sometimes also used. Cylinder mould-made<\/strong><\/a> fine art paper is produced more slowly than many industrially manufactured papers. The process allows heavier weights of paper to be made and creates strong papers with surfaces suited to painting, drawing, and printmaking. Fine art paper mills favour this slower process because it allows heavier weights of paper to be made, and it also successfully ensures that the paper made is robust and has a surface suited to painting, drawing and printmaking. <\/p>\n

\"Eco-friendly
The watermill turning at Two Rivers. The mill uses hydro-power to process textile rag for papermaking.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Is Paper Vegan?<\/h2>\n

Most papers are sized<\/strong><\/a> – that means, a substance is added to pulp in production to control the absorbency of the paper, optimising its properties for drawing and painting. This is most commonly done with a chemical called alkyl ketene dimer<\/strong><\/a>. Only some papers are externally, or tub sized<\/strong><\/a>. This is an additional process that strengthens paper, and this is when gelatine (or sometimes a plant-based alternative) is used. Gelatine is made of collagen extracted from the skin, bones, and connective tissues of animals. In the case of fine art papers this gelatine sizing comes from cows, and is a by-product of the meat industry.<\/p>\n

Even if only plant-based and synthetic additives are used to size paper, it doesn\u2019t always mean that it can unequivocally be classified as vegan, as most papers come into contact with woollen felts during the sheet formation process. When synthetic felts are used instead, the surface texture of the paper is much more regular, more mechanical looking and generally considered less attractive. As well as this, there is the added concern of those felts gradually releasing micro-plastics as they inevitably wear with use.<\/p>\n

\"Eco-friendly
Sizing paper at St Cuthberts Paper Mill<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Overall, the fibres, sizing, and energy and water required to craft fine art papers vary quite considerably between different makes. When considering a paper, look for specific information such as recycled fibre content, the source of wood pulp, forestry certifications, and details about manufacturing processes. Alongside any manufacturing information worth considering, the weight, surface, absorbency, and durability of a paper will help determine whether it is suitable for your work and chosen medium.<\/p>\n

Shop paper at jacksonsart.com<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Making fine art paper specifically for drawing and painting requires quality materials to ensure that they are strong, archival, and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":1420125,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[955],"tags":[69,119,14301],"class_list":["post-1419899","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-artful-features","tag-environment","tag-paper","tag-paper-guide"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMaterials, Water, and Energy: What Resources Are Used to Make Fine Art Paper? - Jackson's Art Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"How eco-friendly fine art paper? 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Alongside her writing she regularly exhibits her artwork, and teaches linocut and painting in Bristol and Somerset.","url":"https:\/\/www.jacksonsart.com\/blog\/author\/lisa\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jacksonsart.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1419899","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jacksonsart.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jacksonsart.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jacksonsart.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jacksonsart.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1419899"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/www.jacksonsart.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1419899\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1583095,"href":"https:\/\/www.jacksonsart.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1419899\/revisions\/1583095"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jacksonsart.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1420125"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jacksonsart.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1419899"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jacksonsart.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1419899"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jacksonsart.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1419899"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}